Panjab University campus view

Panjab University: 2026 Admissions, Fees, Courses and Placements

Location: Chandigarh, Punjab, India

If you are looking for BBA Colleges in Chandigarh Panjab University in one of the best options.
/5 Rating

Reputed BBA College In Chandigarh

Institute Image Government Institute

Establishment year Estd. 1882

Money Icon Image Total Fees: ₹22.27 Thousand

View Education Loan EMI Offers*

Panjab University - Overview, Features & Highlights

This institute is a leading B-school offering top-notch education with world-class infrastructure and placements.

Established1882
Institute Type Govt
Location Chandigarh, Punjab

What is the Fee Structure at Panjab University in 2025?

Panjab University Chandigarh Fee ranges from ₹22.27 K. The Panjab University fee structure for the and other programs for 2024 are listed below.

MBA/PGDM
4
₹42.68 Thousand - 6.19 Lakhs
Apply
Executive MBA/PGDM
3.4
₹2.57 Lakhs
Apply
BBA
3.8
₹22.27 Thousand - 2.38 Lakhs
Apply
B.Sc.
4
₹15 Thousand - 2.88 Lakhs
Apply
M.A.
4
₹10.35 Thousand - 1.74 Lakhs
Apply
B.A.
4
₹480 - 1.96 Lakhs
Apply
M.Sc.
3.9
₹9.46 Thousand - 3.92 Lakhs
Apply
B.Com
3.9
₹480 - 2.2 Lakhs
Apply
B.E. / B.Tech
3.7
₹92.46 Thousand - 6.19 Lakhs
Apply
BCA
3.9
₹480 - 1.37 Lakhs
Apply
B.Pharma
₹70.42 Thousand - 76.02 Thousand
Apply
B.A. LL.B.
4.1
₹3.23 Lakhs - 4.79 Lakhs
Apply
B.Ed
3.9
₹66.32 Thousand - 1.48 Lakhs
Apply
MCA
3.9
₹70.61 Thousand - 3.55 Lakhs
Apply
PG Diploma
4
₹160 - 45.76 Thousand
Apply
B.A. B.Ed
₹1.48 Lakhs - 1.96 Lakhs
Apply
B.Com LL.B
3.6
₹3.23 Lakhs - 5.67 Lakhs
Apply
M.Com
3.9
₹11.12 Thousand - 1.05 Lakhs
Apply
M.Pharma
4.1
₹64.43 Thousand
Apply
B.Voc
4
Information currently unavailable
Apply
B.P.Ed
₹26.7 Thousand - 1.1 Lakhs
Apply
BDS
5
Information currently unavailable
Apply
LL.B.
4.1
Information currently unavailable
Apply
BMLT
4.7
Information currently unavailable
Apply
B.A. (Hons)
3.8
Information currently unavailable
Apply
MD
Information currently unavailable
Apply
UG Diploma
₹6.34 Thousand - 34.23 Thousand
Apply
Certificate
₹2.94 Thousand - 23.15 Thousand
Apply
M.E./M.Tech
4.2
₹23.53 Thousand - 1.71 Lakhs
Apply
LL.M.
₹88.05 Thousand - 1.18 Lakhs
Apply
MBBS
4.5
Information currently unavailable
Apply
B.A. LL.B. (Hons)
3.7
Information currently unavailable
Apply
MPH
2.6
– / –
Apply
M.Ed
4.4
₹12.56 Thousand - 1.36 Lakhs
Apply
B.Arch
4.6
Information currently unavailable
Apply
M.P.Ed
₹29.05 Thousand - 1.26 Lakhs
Apply
PGDCA
Information currently unavailable
Apply
BHMCT
3.2
₹3.4 Lakhs
Apply
MSW
₹57.73 Thousand
Apply
B.Lib.I.Sc.
₹17.89 Thousand - 28 Thousand
Apply
BFA
3.4
Information currently unavailable
Apply
MDS
₹17.55 Lakhs
Apply
MHMTT
₹1.39 Lakhs
Apply
BOPTM
Information currently unavailable
Apply
GNM
Information currently unavailable
Apply
Ph.D.
3.8
Information currently unavailable
Apply
BHMTT
4.4
₹2.25 Lakhs
Apply
MS
Information currently unavailable
Apply
M.Arch
Information currently unavailable
Apply
B.FTech
Information currently unavailable
Apply
M.Lib.I.Sc.
₹17.89 Thousand
Apply
BHMS
Information currently unavailable
Apply
M.Phil
– / –
Apply
MHMCT
₹1.6 Lakhs
Apply
ANM
Information currently unavailable
Apply
B.Des
Information currently unavailable
Apply
B.Lib.Sc.
Information currently unavailable
Apply
  • MBA/PGDM
  • The total tuition fee ranges: ₹42.68 Thousand - 6.19 Lakhs
  • For other fee details contact the admission office.
  • Executive MBA/PGDM
  • The total tuition fee ranges: ₹2.57 Lakhs
  • BBA
  • The total tuition fee ranges: ₹22.27 Thousand - 2.38 Lakhs
  • B.Sc.
  • The total tuition fee ranges: ₹15 Thousand - 2.88 Lakhs
  • M.A.
  • The total tuition fee ranges: ₹10.35 Thousand - 1.74 Lakhs
  • B.A.
  • The total tuition fee ranges: ₹480 - 1.96 Lakhs
  • M.Sc.
  • The total tuition fee ranges: ₹9.46 Thousand - 3.92 Lakhs
  • B.Com
  • The total tuition fee ranges: ₹480 - 2.2 Lakhs
  • B.E. / B.Tech
  • The total tuition fee ranges: ₹92.46 Thousand - 6.19 Lakhs
  • BCA
  • The total tuition fee ranges: ₹480 - 1.37 Lakhs
  • B.Pharma
  • The total tuition fee ranges: ₹70.42 Thousand - 76.02 Thousand
  • B.A. LL.B.
  • The total tuition fee ranges: ₹3.23 Lakhs - 4.79 Lakhs
  • B.Ed
  • The total tuition fee ranges: ₹66.32 Thousand - 1.48 Lakhs
  • MCA
  • The total tuition fee ranges: ₹70.61 Thousand - 3.55 Lakhs
  • PG Diploma
  • The total tuition fee ranges: ₹160 - 45.76 Thousand
  • B.A. B.Ed
  • The total tuition fee ranges: ₹1.48 Lakhs - 1.96 Lakhs
  • B.Com LL.B
  • The total tuition fee ranges: ₹3.23 Lakhs - 5.67 Lakhs
  • M.Com
  • The total tuition fee ranges: ₹11.12 Thousand - 1.05 Lakhs
  • M.Pharma
  • The total tuition fee ranges: ₹64.43 Thousand
  • B.Voc
  • The total tuition fee ranges: Information currently unavailable
  • B.P.Ed
  • The total tuition fee ranges: ₹26.7 Thousand - 1.1 Lakhs
  • BDS
  • The total tuition fee ranges: Information currently unavailable
  • LL.B.
  • The total tuition fee ranges: Information currently unavailable
  • BMLT
  • The total tuition fee ranges: Information currently unavailable
  • B.A. (Hons)
  • The total tuition fee ranges: Information currently unavailable
  • MD
  • The total tuition fee ranges: Information currently unavailable
  • UG Diploma
  • The total tuition fee ranges: ₹6.34 Thousand - 34.23 Thousand
  • Certificate
  • The total tuition fee ranges: ₹2.94 Thousand - 23.15 Thousand
  • M.E./M.Tech
  • The total tuition fee ranges: ₹23.53 Thousand - 1.71 Lakhs
  • LL.M.
  • The total tuition fee ranges: ₹88.05 Thousand - 1.18 Lakhs
  • MBBS
  • The total tuition fee ranges: Information currently unavailable
  • B.A. LL.B. (Hons)
  • The total tuition fee ranges: Information currently unavailable
  • MPH
  • The total tuition fee ranges: – / –
  • M.Ed
  • The total tuition fee ranges: ₹12.56 Thousand - 1.36 Lakhs
  • B.Arch
  • The total tuition fee ranges: Information currently unavailable
  • M.P.Ed
  • The total tuition fee ranges: ₹29.05 Thousand - 1.26 Lakhs
  • PGDCA
  • The total tuition fee ranges: Information currently unavailable
  • BHMCT
  • The total tuition fee ranges: ₹3.4 Lakhs
  • MSW
  • The total tuition fee ranges: ₹57.73 Thousand
  • B.Lib.I.Sc.
  • The total tuition fee ranges: ₹17.89 Thousand - 28 Thousand
  • BFA
  • The total tuition fee ranges: Information currently unavailable
  • MDS
  • The total tuition fee ranges: ₹17.55 Lakhs
  • MHMTT
  • The total tuition fee ranges: ₹1.39 Lakhs
  • BOPTM
  • The total tuition fee ranges: Information currently unavailable
  • GNM
  • The total tuition fee ranges: Information currently unavailable
  • Ph.D.
  • The total tuition fee ranges: Information currently unavailable
  • BHMTT
  • The total tuition fee ranges: ₹2.25 Lakhs
  • MS
  • The total tuition fee ranges: Information currently unavailable
  • M.Arch
  • The total tuition fee ranges: Information currently unavailable
  • B.FTech
  • The total tuition fee ranges: Information currently unavailable
  • M.Lib.I.Sc.
  • The total tuition fee ranges: ₹17.89 Thousand
  • BHMS
  • The total tuition fee ranges: Information currently unavailable
  • M.Phil
  • The total tuition fee ranges: – / –
  • MHMCT
  • The total tuition fee ranges: ₹1.6 Lakhs
  • ANM
  • The total tuition fee ranges: Information currently unavailable
  • B.Des
  • The total tuition fee ranges: Information currently unavailable
  • B.Lib.Sc.
  • The total tuition fee ranges: Information currently unavailable

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

On Panjab University Fees

Q: What is the MBA/PGDM fee structure of Panjab University?

The fee structure for Panjab University MBA/PGDM is ₹42.68 Thousand - 6.19 Lakhs.

Q: Why is Panjab University so costly?

Panjab University is a Government college and was established in 1882. The cost of the MBA/PGDM program is ₹42.68 Thousand - 6.19 Lakhs.

What Courses are Offered at Panjab University in 2025?

The following courses are offered by Panjab University, which are listed with fees for Panjab University Courses and the accepted management entrance exams:

  • MBA/PGDM
  • Exam Accepted: CBSE 12th, PSEB 12th, JEE Main, CAT, MET
  • Duration: 2 - 5 years
  • Executive MBA/PGDM
  • Exam Accepted: PU-CET (PG)
  • Duration: 2 years
  • BBA
  • Exam Accepted: CBSE 12th, PSEB 12th, ISC
  • Duration: 3 years
  • B.Sc.
  • Exam Accepted: CBSE 12th, PSEB 12th
  • Duration: 3 - 4 years
  • M.A.
  • Exam Accepted: PU-CET (PG), CBSE 12th, PSEB 12th
  • Duration: 2 - 5 years
  • B.A.
  • Exam Accepted: MPBSE 12th, CBSE 12th, RBSE 12th, PSEB 12th, ISC
  • Duration: 3 - 5 years
  • M.Sc.
  • Exam Accepted: PU-CET (PG)
  • Duration: 2 years
  • B.Com
  • Exam Accepted: MPBSE 12th, CBSE 12th, PSEB 12th, ISC
  • Duration: 3 - 4 years
  • B.E. / B.Tech
  • Exam Accepted: CBSE 12th, PSEB 12th, JEE Main, CUET
  • Duration: 3 - 5 years
  • BCA
  • Exam Accepted: MPBSE 12th, CBSE 12th, RBSE 12th, PSEB 12th, ISC
  • Duration: 3 years
  • B.Pharma
  • Exam Accepted: CBSE 12th, PSEB 12th
  • Duration: 4 years
  • B.A. LL.B.
  • Exam Accepted: CBSE 12th, PSEB 12th
  • Duration: 5 years
  • B.Ed
  • Exam Accepted: CBSE 12th, PSEB 12th
  • Duration: 2 - 4 years
  • MCA
  • Exam Accepted: PU-CET (PG)
  • Duration: 2 - 3 years
  • PG Diploma
  • Exam Accepted:
  • Duration: 1 year - 15 months
  • B.A. B.Ed
  • Exam Accepted: CBSE 12th, PSEB 12th, ISC
  • Duration: 4 years
  • B.Com LL.B
  • Exam Accepted: CBSE 12th, PSEB 12th
  • Duration: 5 years
  • M.Com
  • Exam Accepted: PU-CET (PG)
  • Duration: 2 years
  • M.Pharma
  • Exam Accepted: GPAT
  • Duration: 2 years
  • B.Voc
  • Exam Accepted: CBSE 12th, PSEB 12th
  • Duration: 3 years
  • B.P.Ed
  • Exam Accepted: PU-CET (PG)
  • Duration: 2 years
  • BDS
  • Exam Accepted: NEET
  • Duration: 5 years
  • LL.B.
  • Exam Accepted:
  • Duration: 3 years
  • BMLT
  • Exam Accepted: CBSE 12th, PSEB 12th
  • Duration: 3 years
  • B.A. (Hons)
  • Exam Accepted: CBSE 12th, PSEB 12th
  • Duration: 3 years
  • MD
  • Exam Accepted: NEET PG
  • Duration: 3 years
  • UG Diploma
  • Exam Accepted: CBSE 12th, PSEB 12th, ISC
  • Duration: 6 months - 2 years
  • Certificate
  • Exam Accepted: CBSE 12th, PSEB 12th, ISC
  • Duration: 20 days - 6 years
  • M.E./M.Tech
  • Exam Accepted: GATE
  • Duration: 2 years
  • LL.M.
  • Exam Accepted: PU-CET (PG)
  • Duration: 1 year - 2 years
  • MBBS
  • Exam Accepted: NEET
  • Duration: 66 months
  • B.A. LL.B. (Hons)
  • Exam Accepted: CBSE 12th, PSEB 12th
  • Duration: 5 years
  • MPH
  • Exam Accepted: PU-CET (PG)
  • Duration: 2 years
  • M.Ed
  • Exam Accepted:
  • Duration: 1 year - 2 years
  • B.Arch
  • Exam Accepted: NATA
  • Duration: 5 years
  • M.P.Ed
  • Exam Accepted: PU-CET (PG)
  • Duration: 2 years
  • PGDCA
  • Exam Accepted:
  • Duration: 1 year
  • BHMCT
  • Exam Accepted:
  • Duration: 4 years
  • MSW
  • Exam Accepted: PU-CET (PG)
  • Duration: 2 years
  • B.Lib.I.Sc.
  • Exam Accepted: CBSE 12th, PSEB 12th
  • Duration: 1 year
  • BFA
  • Exam Accepted: CBSE 12th, PSEB 12th
  • Duration: 4 years
  • MDS
  • Exam Accepted: NEET
  • Duration: 3 years
  • MHMTT
  • Exam Accepted:
  • Duration: 2 years
  • BOPTM
  • Exam Accepted:
  • Duration: 4 years
  • GNM
  • Exam Accepted: CBSE 12th, PSEB 12th, ISC
  • Duration: 3 years
  • Ph.D.
  • Exam Accepted:
  • Duration: 2 - 5 years
  • BHMTT
  • Exam Accepted:
  • Duration: 4 years
  • MS
  • Exam Accepted: NEET PG
  • Duration: 3 years
  • M.Arch
  • Exam Accepted:
  • Duration: 2 years
  • B.FTech
  • Exam Accepted: CBSE 12th, PSEB 12th
  • Duration: 3 years
  • M.Lib.I.Sc.
  • Exam Accepted:
  • Duration: 1 year
  • BHMS
  • Exam Accepted: NEET
  • Duration: 66 months
  • M.Phil
  • Exam Accepted:
  • Duration: 1 year
  • MHMCT
  • Exam Accepted:
  • Duration: 2 years
  • ANM
  • Exam Accepted: CBSE 12th, PSEB 12th, ISC
  • Duration: 2 years
  • B.Des
  • Exam Accepted: CBSE 12th, PSEB 12th
  • Duration: 3 years
  • B.Lib.Sc.
  • Exam Accepted:
  • Duration: 1 year

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

On Courses offered by Panjab University

Q: What is the duration of the Panjab University MBA/PGDM program?

The duration of the Panjab University MBA/PGDM program is 2 - 5 years.

Q: Which course is best in Panjab University?

The Panjab University flagship program is MBA/PGDM.

Q: Which courses are offered by Panjab University?

The Courses offered by Panjab University are : MBA/PGDM, Executive MBA/PGDM, BBA, B.Sc., M.A., B.A., M.Sc., B.Com, B.E. / B.Tech, BCA, B.Pharma, B.A. LL.B., B.Ed, MCA, PG Diploma, B.A. B.Ed, B.Com LL.B, M.Com, M.Pharma, B.Voc, B.P.Ed, BDS, LL.B., BMLT, B.A. (Hons), MD, UG Diploma, Certificate, M.E./M.Tech, LL.M., MBBS, B.A. LL.B. (Hons), MPH, M.Ed, B.Arch, M.P.Ed, PGDCA, BHMCT, MSW, B.Lib.I.Sc., BFA, MDS, MHMTT, BOPTM, GNM, Ph.D., BHMTT, MS, M.Arch, B.FTech, M.Lib.I.Sc., BHMS, M.Phil, MHMCT, ANM, B.Des, B.Lib.Sc..

Q: Which course is Panjab University famous for?

Panjab University is famous for its 2 - 5 years MBA/PGDM program.

Q: How to apply to Panjab University MBA/PGDM?

To apply into Panjab University MBA/PGDM program just click on the apply now button.

Placement Report for Panjab University in 2025

The best part is the Panjab University got good packages in the BBA placements.

  • Highest package
  • Average package
  • Placement Highlight
Placement Category Highest Package (INR LPA)
Highest package INR 58.48 LPA
Highest package INR 45 LPA
the highest package INR 45 LPA
the highest package INR 58.48 LPA
the highest package INR 58.48 LPA
the highest package INR 45 LPA
Placement Category Average Package (INR LPA)
Average package INR 13.7 LPA
Average package INR 8.72 LPA
Average package INR 8.72 LPA
Average package INR 13.7 LPA
Average package INR 13.7 LPA
Average package INR 8.72 LPA
Particulars MBA Statistics
Placement rate 0.913
Companies visited 45+
Total offers 382
Companies visited 50+
Total offers 382
Companies visited 50+
2021 Total students: 244Students placed: 200
Placement rate 0.913
Companies visited 45+
Placement rate 0.913
Companies visited 45+
Total offers 382
Companies visited 50+

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

On Panjab University Placement Statistics

Q: What is the average package for MBA/PGDM in Panjab University?

The average package for the MBA/PGDM program in Panjab University is INR 13.7 LPA.

Q: What is the highest package for MBA/PGDM in Panjab University?

The average package for the MBA/PGDM program in Panjab University is INR 58.48 LPA.

Panjab University Rankings in 2025

Panjab University has been ranked by the top-ranking bodies in India. Based on the current rankings, 7 by NIRF 2024 is the leader in Pharmacy.

Ranking Body Category Ranks
NIRF 2024 Pharmacy 7
NIRF 2024 University 38
NIRF 2024 Research 35
NIRF 2024 Dental 27
NIRF 2024 Overall 60
NIRF 2024 State Public University 5
NIRF 82 92

Highlights of the Rankings

  • Panjab University is ranked 7th in the category of Pharmacy by the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) for 2024.
  • Panjab University is ranked 38th in the category of University by the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) for 2024.
  • Panjab University is ranked 35th in the category of Research by the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) for 2024.
  • Panjab University is ranked 27th in the category of Dental by the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) for 2024.
  • Panjab University is ranked 60th in the category of Overall by the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) for 2024.
  • Panjab University is ranked 5th in the category of State Public University by the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) for 2024.

What are the Cut-Off Scores for Panjab University?

Panjab University admissions The institute admits students who have appeared for entrance examinations such as CBSE 12th, ISC, PSEB 12th, . Candidates are required to appear for any of the entrance tests recognised by the college for the program in which they are interested. The BBA admission cut-off is decided by Panjab Universitybased on the total number of applicants and the number of seats. Find below the Panjab University Cut-Off details

Course 2023 2022 2021
MBBS - Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery 544 313 --

Analysis of Cut-Off Scores

  • 2023: The cut-off score of MBBS - Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery for the Panjab University program in 2023 is 544.
  • 2022: The cut-off score of MBBS - Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery for the Panjab University program in 2022 is 313.

People who viewed Panjab University also viewed these Colleges

Which are the other top Colleges in Chandigarh?

The other top colleges in Chandigarh are :

  • Goswami Ganesh Dutta S.D. College
  • Chitkara Business School, Chitkara University, Chandigarh
  • Chandigarh University (CU)
  • DAV College, Chandigarh
  • Chandigarh Group of Colleges, Landran

Which are the top Colleges offering good placement in Chandigarh?

The top Colleges with good placement in Chandigarh are:

  • Goswami Ganesh Dutta S.D. College
  • Lovely Professional University- Seekho
  • Chandigarh Group of Colleges, Landran
  • ITFT - Institute of Technology and Future Management Trends
  • Dev Samaj College For Women, Chandigarh

Panjab University Comparison with Other Top B-Schools

A Comparative Analysis of Panjab University and other top-ranked B-schools in India.

College name Institute Type Established Year Rating Location Ranking Fee Exams Accepted Median Package
Panjab University
Panjab University
Institute Type Government Established Year 1882 Ranking -- Location Chandigarh Ranking -- Fee ₹22.27 K Exams Accepted CBSE 12th, ISC, PSEB 12th Median Package --
Institute Type Private Established Year 2012 Established Year 4.2 Location Chandigarh Ranking #33 Outlook Fee ₹3.66 L - 9.95 L Exams Accepted CUCET Chandigarh UniversityCBSE 12th, PSEB 12th Median Package ₹2.7 - 3.8 LPA
Institute Type Private Established Year 2008 Established Year 4.5 Location Chandigarh Ranking #18 Times Fee ₹3.6 L - 10.5 L Exams Accepted SAT India, CBSE 12th, PSEB 12th Median Package ₹3.3 LPA
Institute Type Private Established Year 2001 Established Year 4.3 Location Chandigarh Ranking -- Fee ₹2.5 L Exams Accepted CBSE 12th, ISC, PSEB 12th Median Package 4.2
Institute Type Private Established Year 1958 Established Year 3.9 Location Chandigarh Ranking #46 India Today Fee ₹94.89 K Exams Accepted CBSE 12th, PSEB 12th Median Package ₹2.5 LPA

Which is Better Panjab University or Chandigarh University (CU)

Chandigarh University (CU) is located in Chandigarh. Panjab University is located in Chandigarh. The Fees for the MBA program in Chandigarh University (CU) is ₹3.66 L - 9.95 L and the fee for MBA/PGDM program in Panjab University is ₹22.27 K.
When we compare Panjab University with Chandigarh University (CU), Panjab University offers the median package of --, whereas Chandigarh University (CU) offers ₹2.7 - 3.8 LPA as the median package.
View More details about Panjab University Vs Chandigarh University (CU).

Read More

My Comparison

x
  • Panjab University Campus Image
    Panjab University
    ₹22.27 K
    Vs
  • Not Avail
    x
  • Add College and
    x

Panjab University Infrastructure and Facilities

  • Library
  • Cafeteria
  • Hostel
  • Sports Complex
  • Labs
  • Moot Court (Law)
  • Gym
  • Hospital / Medical Facilities
  • Wi-Fi Campus
  • Shuttle Service
  • Auditorium
  • Convenience Store

Popular BBA Colleges in India

Panjab University Brochure

Download the Panjab University Brochure for detailed information about all Courses, fees, Admission Process & Placement Reports.

Download Brochure
Download Brochure

Panjab University EMI Calculator

Estimate your monthly tuition installments at Panjab University with ChunoCollege’s EMI Calculator.

Download Brochure
×

Get Free Access to Verified Placement Reports of

Delivered instantly on WhatsApp or Email

100% Secure | No Spam Guaranteed

Choose the Best College From 10000 + Colleges in India

Check Detailed Fees

Get real Time Updates of Colleges

Student Image

Register Now To Apply

  • Get 24*7 Assistance from Certified Experts
  • 100% Placement Assistance
We don't spam
India Flag Icon +91
We don't spam
Your personal information is secure with us
Thank You

Thanks for your interest. We will contact you shortly with one of our consultants to guide you through the process.

Join WhatsApp Group Join Telegram Channel
AI is thinking...